Importance of Government Funding in Innovation

The effective role of governments in innovation is strongly debated.
However, governments can play a key role in driving radical innovation in the early stages of an idea being explored. For example,
"...high-risk investments have been made by the state before the private sector gets involved..."
Wikipedia, 2023b

This has occurred in many industries like biotech, pharmaceuticals, clean technology, etc.
For example, the iPhone:
"...technologies made it 'smart' - the Internet, GPS, screen display and voice-activated Siri - were all government funded..."
Wikipedia, 2023b

However, many other technologies (transistor, integrated circuit, digital image sensor, etc) used in the iPhone were developed by commercial interests.
Furthermore,
"...public funds are laying the groundwork for the green revolution in a similar way to biotech and nanotech..."
Mariana Mazzucato as quoted by Wikipedia, 2023b

Commercial interests and government need to find ways to effectively work together to better distribute the costs and benefits of innovation. Too often it is a government that takes the risks while commercial enterprises reap the benefits. The
"...favoured approach leads to a 'symbiotic' relationship between the public and private sectors, rather than a 'parasitic' one..."
Mariana Mazzucato as quoted by Hans van Leeuwen, 2023